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Physic

2010-03-09T22:28:00.000-08:00

Article and documend for physic and mathematic

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2010-03-09T22:08:00.000-08:00

For litelature study chemistry
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Educational Toys: Making Kids Smart By Having Fun

2009-03-12T04:01:00.000-07:00

by: Rony Pollock

Kids are like sponges. They absorb. But the similarity ends there. While sponges absorb, they shrink and disintegrate before long. Kids, on the other hand, soak up day to day experiences and when the right mindsets are instilled, they continually thrive. That’s why it’s important for parents like you to carefully select the toys they play with. Associating fun and play with learning is a fundamental aspect of every child’s growth. And one of the best ways to make this happen is through educational toys.It All Starts at Home
The home front is crucial to a child’s development. This is where curiosity is first explored. This is where a child learns about colors, shapes, and sounds, what Yes and No mean, and that asking “why” can almost always generate an explanation. The first lessons brought about by childhood generally come from the people around the household. That’s why all activities of your kid should be carefully selected. The right books, appropriate TV programs, and educational toys can supplement and enhance your child’s learning process, making the early stages of learning easier and enjoyable.

Lessons of Playtime

Playing is every child’s first priority. Playtime may only seem to provide pure entertainment, but it is also an integral part of your child’s mental and emotional growth. While it’s good to provide children opportunities for skill formation, such as music or art classes, it’s also ideal to give them ample time to play. Doing so, would provide the following benefits:

- Personality development
- Awareness of their potentials
- Promote independent thinking
- An avenue for creative thinking and problem solving
- Improvement their motor skills
- Enhance their ability to think and communicate
- Value-formation

Guidance is essential to bring out the best in children. But it doesn’t mean that you should totally organize the whole experience for your child. The important thing is to provide supervision and the appropriate tools for play and let your child take it from there.

Toys that Fit

Giving your child high-quality educational toys will liven up and enhance the process of sensory and learning development. The right toys for the right age needs to be considered too. A rattle wouldn’t capture the interest a five-year-old kid. Here’s a quick guide on what educational toys children may enjoy at a certain age:

Infants – The keywords are soft, safe, and colorful. Vividly colored rattles and squeaky toys will stimulate their sense of touch, sight, and hearing.

1 to 2 years – This is a stage where children start learning how to maneuver the things in their hands. They are also beginning to discover that some things are paired together. Toddlers will enjoy building blocks and toys that will allow them to identify and match shapes.

2 to 3 years – Children are beginning to get more creative at this age. They like role playing with other kids or by themselves. Puzzles, Play Cubes, and educational toys that stir their imagination are the best options.

4 to 5 years – Kids are into creative thinking and decision-making by this age. Educational toys that can help enhance these developments include puzzle games and constructions toys.

As children grow older, they become more independent in their choices of what toys to play with. They usually forego free play for games that involve rules and friends. They learn to be competitive. This is the time where parents’ guidance is most crucial. But if you’ve established the foundation by providing your child with educational toys early on, then you may have a child who’s well-developed emotionally and smart to boot.

About The Author
Rony Pollock

Make your kid’s journey to smartness fun with educational toys (http://www.ronjuneshop.com/childrenstoys.html)! Enhance your child’s learning with play kitchens (http://www.ronjuneshop.com/kidstoys-pretendplay.html) and toy pianos (http://www.ronjuneshop.com/childrenstoypiano.html). These and more only at http://RonJuneShop.com

Continuing a Higher Education Online

2009-03-11T02:05:00.001-07:00

by: Steven Ross

When it comes to gaining a higher education, online opportunities are quickly becoming one of the most popular options around. If it's not the user friendly features of online learning, then it's the cost effective aspects that appeal to the average working adult. This is the person who is greatly interested in the benefits that come from a higher education, just not the rigid schedules and the pricey tuitions that tend to go with it. The benefits of online learning go beyond time and cost to offer a sense of accomplishment once the new Associate's, Bachelor's or Master's degree is in hand.With technology consistently changing the shape of the landscape of nearly everything, the history of e-Learning has evolved and continues to evolve into great legitimacy in the world of education. While conventional classrooms still have their place, the virtual classroom is seeing more and more students each year. With the accreditation of online schools offering not only a number of degrees and qualifications, the opportunity for financial aid also makes online venues even more attractive. For some, there is just no beating the practical experience one receives in online degree programs. This is especially true when career advancement hangs in the balance.Whether opting for a particular qualification or needing to get a general education online, prospective students will find just the right courses they need in almost every subject. For some, online education can offer a chance to either broaden horizons or narrow down career options. Selecting a variety of subjects can help define a career path when a student finds they gravitate more toward certain subjects more than others. Often, online credits are considered transferable and can help in achieving one's degree.

It is doubtful that distance learning could have ever reached the level of effectiveness that it has without the help of the internet. Though this type of learning has been in place for a great number of years, it is the information superhighway that has changed the face of education from a distance forever. Where students waited weeks and months for correspondence from distant universities, one now merely needs to take a few seconds to log on to their virtual campus to get assignments. The virtual learning environment provides not only learning tools but collaborative software featuring such options as chat, discussion boards and even audio-conferencing. This can make long distance learning seem like anything but.

The advent of computer-based testing allows for students to gauge their skills and focus attention right where they need it. This leads to another bonus in the world of online education in the form of handy online tutoring. Students will find that supplemental learning options are readily available to those who may need the extra help from time to time. Many have come to realize that the only way to get around the frustration that sometimes comes with learning new skills is understanding the material better.

Most online programs generally consist of CBT (computer-based training), WBT (web-based training), interactive media, educational animation and a whole slew of other types of educational technology. Rapidly improving technology continues to develop these features at every turn, making online learning more and more efficient. Learning management software allows students to take control of their education and organize it right down to the specifics of career planning using ePortflios.

Of all the things the internet has proven itself to be useful for, online and distance learning continue to make their appearance at the very top of the list. The ability to cut across the distances in the blink of an eye and share common information also crosses the borders of the amazing. Every new technological enhancement ensures there will be no stopping the world of continuing education.

About The Author
Steven Ross owns and operates http://www.highereducationonlinereport.com Visit His Site To Read Many More Articles About Higher Education Online

The Quickest Way To Learn French

2009-03-05T00:34:00.000-08:00

by: Jane Morgan

Did you realise that it is now easier than ever to learn French fast and for free? Yes that right for free! I have some great ideas that won't cost you a dime. These quick yet effective methods are proven to get great results in less than two weeks. Read on to learn more...

The first thing you need to do is to visit your local library. If you're not a member, then all you have to do is join - don't worry it's free. First start buy checking out all the book they carry on French learning and French Tuition. Guess what, not only will they have shed loads but they are all free to lend. Don't stop there. Move onto the audio section. Yeah that's, right libraries don't just carry books these days. Get yourself some French audio courses – again these are usually free, if not it'll only cost about two bucks to rent for the whole week. We're still not finished – now move on to the DVD section and look for some French DVD tuition. Look at just how much French tuition there is on offer – and the best part is, it's all free.

If you were shocked by how much free stuff they've got at the library then your gonna be amazed by how much free stuff you are going to find online. Lets start simple – you're going to need to use a search engine. You can use Goolge, Yahoo or whatever you prefer. Now start looking for some French websites, it doesn't matter what ones, just as long as the text is written in French. The next thing I want you to do is to try and read it. “What on earth?” I hear you shout. Calm down – just give it a try. You won't understand very much in the beginning, but the more you do it the more you'll understand.

Make sure you check out what's going in your local community. Get down to your local, book store, coffee house, college or library and check out some of the notice boards. I bet you'll find either a French group or some French evening courses. These groups and courses are usually free or very inexpensive to join. What a great way to meet new people! You'll actually be able to have real life French conversations with real people.

Take a trip to the movies. No, this isn't an excuse to check out the current Hollywood blockbuster – you've gotta watch a French film. Don't worry, they all have subtitles, so you'll be able to understand what's going on. Not only will you be entertained, but you'll also be improving your vocabulary and pronunciation. Its a win win situation. If they're aren't any films showing at your local cinema, then visit a video store and rent some – this is a even cheaper option.

Did you ever imagine that learning French fast and for free could be so much fun? I hope my suggestions have made you realise that learning can take place outside of the classroom.

About The Author
Jane Morgan
Easy French Words
French The Fast Way
http://www.frenchtheeasyway.com

Teen Summer Camp Explains How Failure Leads To Success

2009-03-05T00:17:00.000-08:00

by: Jim Hartley

Teens at our academic summer camp, SuperCamp, find out an important life lesson when we talk to them about how failure leads to success. Our failures provide us with valuable gifts—they give us the information we need to learn so that we can succeed next time.The only path to success is stepping out of your comfort zone and being willing to risk. What keeps us from taking risks? The view that failure is a negative and the fear that failing will cause us shame and guilt. How would you act if you knew that failure is virtually your only path to success? We know this because nearly all successful people failed a lot. But they learned, tried a new way, and went on to succeed.If you hear the word “failure,” what emotion does it evoke in you? Guilt? Shame? Inadequacy? Not a pretty picture. Failure is the label we stick on unsuccessful ventures. It’s practically synonymous with incompetence. The word alone brings up feelings of shame and humiliation.When we fail, we automatically send ourselves bad messages. We discourage ourselves from trying again, because if we try we risk another failure. It’s true that when you give up trying, you don’t have to face failure anymore. But you’ll have close to zero chance of achieving success. In order to really succeed, you’ve got to be willing to fall on your face a few times.

You didn’t start out being afraid of failing or hating to fail. When you were tiny, failure didn’t weigh you down with emotional sludge. When you failed as a toddler learning to walk, you had a good cry then you stood up, dusted yourself off, and kept on going. But somewhere along the way you learned that trying and not succeeding was bad. That it meant trying was bad. That it meant you were bad.

Your failures by themselves aren’t so terrible, for the most part. It’s how you think about them that gives them the power to shut you down.

When you fail, you experience two types of consequences: internal and external. The external consequences are what happen in the world as a result of your failure. The internal consequences are what happen inside you: the emotional impact of your failure. That math exam you botched your sophomore year? The external consequences were a bad grade and maybe a stern lecture from your parents. The internal consequences were those persistent little demons that whispered, “You’re no good at math. You’re too stupid to do this.” The bad grade came and went—the little voices stayed.

Because our society views failure in a negative way, we learn to avoid trying new things. Instead of risking failure, we fall back into the comfort zone of the familiar, the tried and true. In order to avoid humiliation, we let fabulous opportunities pass us by. But if you’re going to harness the power that lies within your failures, you’ll have to change the way you think about them. Learn to see them for the gifts they are.

Failure is not just one possible path; it’s practically the only path to success. It’s necessary. It’s required. You can’t succeed without learning. And in order to learn, you have to risk failure. Learning doesn’t happen in an atmosphere of fear. Why not? Because fear shuts down the experimentation process. People don’t take risks when they’re afraid. They won’t try something new. And what is learning if not trying new things? You can’t succeed if you can’t grow. You can’t grow if you can’t learn. You can’t learn if you can’t fail.

Of course, there’s a huge difference between appropriate and inappropriate risk. Not all risks are of equal value; not all risks are worth taking. Deciding the value of a risk is a skill like any other. Weigh the rewards of each risk against its potential outcomes, and look at the circumstances in terms of its impact on your inner vision.

You have to risk failure in order to learn anything. Whether you fail or not, risk-taking alone is a powerful learning tool. But the actual experience of failing is the fastest way to learn. Failure vastly improves your odds of success, particularly in the long run, because it tells you what to do—and what not to do—next. When you diagnose your failures and figure out where you went wrong, you’re teaching yourself, literally by trial and error, how to go right. Failing is a great way to learn and grow.

Treat your failures as gifts. Whenever you fail, the universe has just handed you a piece of wisdom. Don’t let it go to waste. Mine it for all it’s worth. Ask yourself:

• What happened?

• What did I learn?

• What will I do differently next time?

“Life is a series of outcomes,” says Simone Carruthers, psychologist and business consultant. “Sometimes the outcome is what you want. Great. Figure out what you did right. Sometimes the outcome is what you don’t want. Great. Figure out what you did so you don’t do it again.”

The only time you’ve really failed is when you fail to learn from your mistakes.

Affirmations for FAILURE LEADS TO SUCCESS:

• I’m not afraid to make mistakes.

• When I make them, I take the time to learn from them.

• I believe failures are opportunities for growth.

“Failure is the opportunity to begin again more intelligently.” —Henry Ford

SuperCamp summer programs fill up fast. Parents, go to http://www.SuperCamp.com now to learn about enrolling your son or daughter while space remains. Age-specific programs are available for students in grades 4-12 and incoming college freshmen. At the website, you also can get a free eBook that gives you an inside look at what works with teens from a world leader in youth achievement, SuperCamp co-founder Bobbi DePorter.

About The Author
Jim Hartley works for Quantum Learning Network, a company that focuses on children and teen education and life skills.

http://www.qln.com

Educational Toys: Making Kids Smart By Having Fun

2009-03-05T00:14:00.001-08:00

by: Rony Pollock

Kids are like sponges. They absorb. But the similarity ends there. While sponges absorb, they shrink and disintegrate before long. Kids, on the other hand, soak up day to day experiences and when the right mindsets are instilled, they continually thrive. That’s why it’s important for parents like you to carefully select the toys they play with. Associating fun and play with learning is a fundamental aspect of every child’s growth. And one of the best ways to make this happen is through educational toys.It All Starts at Home, the home front is crucial to a child’s development. This is where curiosity is first explored. This is where a child learns about colors, shapes, and sounds, what Yes and No mean, and that asking “why” can almost always generate an explanation. The first lessons brought about by childhood generally come from the people around the household. That’s why all activities of your kid should be carefully selected. The right books, appropriate TV programs, and educational toys can supplement and enhance your child’s learning process, making the early stages of learning easier and enjoyable.

Lessons of Playtime

Playing is every child’s first priority. Playtime may only seem to provide pure entertainment, but it is also an integral part of your child’s mental and emotional growth. While it’s good to provide children opportunities for skill formation, such as music or art classes, it’s also ideal to give them ample time to play. Doing so, would provide the following benefits:

- Personality development
- Awareness of their potentials
- Promote independent thinking
- An avenue for creative thinking and problem solving
- Improvement their motor skills
- Enhance their ability to think and communicate
- Value-formation

Guidance is essential to bring out the best in children. But it doesn’t mean that you should totally organize the whole experience for your child. The important thing is to provide supervision and the appropriate tools for play and let your child take it from there.

Toys that Fit

Giving your child high-quality educational toys will liven up and enhance the process of sensory and learning development. The right toys for the right age needs to be considered too. A rattle wouldn’t capture the interest a five-year-old kid. Here’s a quick guide on what educational toys children may enjoy at a certain age:

Infants – The keywords are soft, safe, and colorful. Vividly colored rattles and squeaky toys will stimulate their sense of touch, sight, and hearing.

1 to 2 years – This is a stage where children start learning how to maneuver the things in their hands. They are also beginning to discover that some things are paired together. Toddlers will enjoy building blocks and toys that will allow them to identify and match shapes.

2 to 3 years – Children are beginning to get more creative at this age. They like role playing with other kids or by themselves. Puzzles, Play Cubes, and educational toys that stir their imagination are the best options.

4 to 5 years – Kids are into creative thinking and decision-making by this age. Educational toys that can help enhance these developments include puzzle games and constructions toys.

As children grow older, they become more independent in their choices of what toys to play with. They usually forego free play for games that involve rules and friends. They learn to be competitive. This is the time where parents’ guidance is most crucial. But if you’ve established the foundation by providing your child with educational toys early on, then you may have a child who’s well-developed emotionally and smart to boot.

About The Author
Rony Pollock

Make your kid’s journey to smartness fun with educational toys (http://www.ronjuneshop.com/childrenstoys.html)! Enhance your child’s learning with play kitchens (http://www.ronjuneshop.com/kidstoys-pretendplay.html) and toy pianos (http://www.ronjuneshop.com/childrenstoypiano.html). These and more only at http://RonJuneShop.com

How to Determine Your Child’s Eligibility for Special Education

2009-03-05T00:12:00.000-08:00

by: JoAnn Collins

Are you the parent of a young child that is concerned that your child may have a disability? Have you been told by disability educators that your child does not qualify for special education services? Would you like to know what the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) law states about a child’s eligibility for special education? This article will discuss the criteria that school personnel must use, by law to determine a child’s eligibility.

In order for a child to be found eligible for special education services they must meet two criteria, according to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act;

1. The child must have a disability, and
2. The child must have educational needs.

In order for special education personnel to determine if a child is eligible, they must conduct a psychological evaluation called a Case Study Evaluation on the child. Below is a list of important things parents must know about the CSE:

a. The parent must give written consent for this to be done.

b. Special education personnel have sixty days from when the parental consent is signed, to finish evaluation.

c. IDEA requires that more than one assessment tool be used; to gather all of the academic, developmental, functional, information needed to determine if the child has a disability.

d. Special education personnel must also assess the child in all areas of suspected disability.

e. They must use assessment tools that provide important information that assists them in determining the child’s educational needs.

f. If your child has behavioral issues that affect his or her education, ask for testing in this area. For Example: A behavioral checklist, an adaptive behavior scale, possible an autism rating scale, etc.

After the Case Study Evaluation is complete an eligibility meeting is held between the special education personnel and the parents. The meeting is to go over the test results, and to determine the child’s eligibility for special education services. The parent is to be an equal part of the team that determines if a child has a disability, and if they have educational needs. Parents may bring information on their child to help the team make the decision. In case of behavioral difficulty, specific things must be done to include, developement of a positive behavioral plan.

If a child has a disability and educational needs, and does not receive special education services, their lives may be negatively affected. By knowing what criteria special education personnel are required to use by law, you can become an effective advocate for your child.

About The Author

JoAnn Collins is the parent of two adults with disabilities, has been an educational advocate for over 15 years, an author, as well as a speaker. JoAnn’s recently released book: Disability Deception; Lies Disability Educators Tell and How Parents Can Beat Them at Their Own Game helps parents develop skills to be an assertive and persistent advocate for their child. For a free E newsletter entitled "The Special Education Spotlight"send an E mail to: JoAnn@disabilitydeception.com. Check out her Web site at: http://www.disabilitydeception.com. Can be reached at Phone Number 815-932-9263

JoAnn Collins Copyright 2008

Special Education Letter Writing; 7 Items Parents of a Child With a Disability Must Include In Letters

2009-03-05T00:11:00.000-08:00

Are you a parent of a child with a disability who would like to write letters to special education personnel, but do not know what to include? Would a short list of things to include be helpful? This article will address 7 specific items that should be included in letters to special education personnel, to make them effective. Letters should be one page if possible, and contain these things:!

Item 1: You should include your name in the letter as well as the name of your child with a disability. If the special education person is an administrator, they may not know you or your child.That’s why it is important to include both in the letter.

Item 2: You should include your child’s birth date, if you are writing to special education personnel who do not know your child. Special education personnel often use a child’s birth date, for identification purposes.

Item 3: You should include the date when you are writing the letter; the date should include month, day and year. Letters sent to special education personnel become part of your child’s school record. By dating the letters, anyone looking at the record can tell when it was written. The date the letter was sent may be important in the future if a dispute occurs between you and special education personnel.

Item 4: You should very clearly state the purpose of the letter. For Example: I am writing you today to tell you of my concerns for my child, Mary, whom I believe may have a learning disability, in the area of reading. I am asking that she be tested using a standardized reading test such as the Woodcock Reading Mastery Test. When the test results are finished, we can discuss them at an IEP meeting."

Item 5: You should include the person’s name that you are sending the letter to, their title, and school address.

Item 6: The letter should contain a hand signature at the bottom of the page, by the parent writing the letter. If the letter is used in the future, it holds more weight if it is signed.

Item 7: The letter should include any written documentation or reports that help your case. For Example: I am including a letter from the Occupational Therapist, about the behavioral difficulties my daughter has been having during therapy time. After the signature put the word attachments in the left hand margin, and list the name of all attachments.Be sure to include the attachments with the letter.

By including, these important items in your letters to school personnel, you are ensuring that yourletter is easy to read and to understand. Documentation is critical in case of a dispute between you and special education personnel, in the future. Happy Writing!

Invest In Yourself – Your Career, Future Income Stream, Education And Training

2009-03-05T00:08:00.000-08:00

The advice often given to young couples starting off in life is “Not to buy what you cannot afford”. The same basic advice should be heeded by many. If you cannot afford it- then do not buy the item. But what of investing in your own future in terms of an investment in your personal education or training as well as investments in your own personal career. Is this not getting ahead in life? Is this not money well spent? Even if you have to borrow and go into debt is this not money well spent?

If at the end of the day , year or decade you will be much further ahead in position , salary as well as benefits in addition to “job” and “personal” satisfaction is this not money, time and effort well spent and allocated. ? Indeed it is and can well be.

In the case of your education a dollar borrowed now will result in better jobs- that you will most likely find more challenging and enjoyable , and have a lot more financial reward than a job on the status scale – say as a bus driver or a technician doing oil jobs at your local Wal-Mart. In the case of a vehicle or car loan it may be a godsend. If your vehicle is not reliable – then how can you show up on time, keep your job without an image and reputation of reliability? Not only do you want to keep your employment and income associated with the job but also the job references from your employment superiors for use with other employers for better positions and pay, or for promotion within your present organization. You may even run into a case of promotion within your present firm to another branch office or plant. Not having reliable transport may limit your promotion offerings and flexibility. In addition, if you take out a loan to purchase that vehicle, you may well have upscaled and upgraded your car or SUV, from the models that you most likely would have purchased. By doing so, and driving a higher grade auto model, you may well appear as a more established, senior, more experienced and established employee as well as individual. Fortunately or unfortunately in life most comes down to appearances and perceptions.

There may be a much better and / or better paying job but its way across town, or in an area not served by the bus transit system. Or it may be the case that there is bus service - but if devours a good two to three hours a day of travel time. Good bye to your personal social life. You may have all the money in the world – the wealth of Bill Gates Himself and yet no time or energy to enjoy it. So much for all that pay of that new wonderful job.

A real step foreword as they say. It is always a case of reward versus cost or cost versus benefit. It is a case by case analysis.

In addition you should think of additional or add on costs. Do not stretch yourself too thin – financially. A course at university may not be offered in your calendar year – you will have to complete your schooling fully at a later date than expected. A course may be full – ditto for time delay. Or you may even have to repeat a course or change plans along the way necessitating longer time duration of studies. Leave a buffer of funding both for yourself and as well with the agency that provided the loan – be at bank, savings and loan, credit union or even parents or relatives. Don’t break the bank so to speak at the first step. The same analysis of benefit versus costs prevails in the car / transport / job scenario situation. Many people will drive across town for a bargain to save a dollar and spend $ 10 on gas costs in the process. Incorporate the price of gas into your final net salary not as an aside.

Lastly and most importantly – always pay your bills. Never take on more than you can chew, or in this case afford. Before making that commitment for a loan or undertaking always evaluate carefully before signing on the bottom line. It’s not only a matter of convenience. Your credibility itself is on the line, in addition to your personal honor and integrity and reputation. Pay your bills on time – even earlier than required. This applies to all loans – whether they are for rent, mortgage, utility bills, bank loans, charge card payments or student loans. If you cannot pay in full, then at least pay a bit above the minimum payment. If you are really stuck then contact the lender. Explain the situation honestly. Make a commitment and follow through. Remember the whole point of the exercise was your self improvement – an investment in yourself. To not take the exercise seriously is to shortchange yourself and your future opportunities as well as income stream in the future. To borrow for yourself and personal gain make prudent sense.

Add Class and Style to Your Room with Chesterfield Furniture

2009-03-05T00:06:00.000-08:00

When attempting to bring class and style into your home, leather furniture is the way to go. While there are several different kinds of leather and companies to choose from, there is nothing quite like leather chesterfields. Chesterfield furniture has been around for quite some time and continues to bring wonderful furniture into people's homes worldwide. Adding Chesterfield furniture to your home gives you rich and world class feel to the living room. No longer do you have to settle for a mediocre sofa that disappears in the room. You can make a Chesterfield sofa the highlight of the room with the magnificent leather and beautiful colour.

While this furniture used to be out of the price range for many, it has gradually become more affordable for everyone. But the status quo remains the same as this is high class furniture that can brighten up the room and bring your office or living room to another level.

There is nothing better than being able to show off a fine piece of furniture to family and friends like Chesterfield furniture. Guests will have the luxury of sitting on pure, soft, and comfortable leather sofa. And unlike many sofas that require attention after a couple of years, you will have your Chesterfield sofa for years to come because of the high-class durability.

Placing this luxury furniture in the living room is ideal to show it off, but it can also make for a fine piece of furniture in the office. There is nothing that says class and wealth in an office better than furniture like this. It will imply prosperity to those who enter your office and give your office a true working atmosphere.

Although you may not be aware of it at the time, but image can mean everything in a home. Replacing ragged sofas with a Chesterfield sofa can do wonders for your home. It will liven the room up, give it character, and present wealth in a new manner. And because of the style, you can put virtually anything around the sofa and create a beautifully crafted room.

It is hard to believe that one sofa could have such an impact on a room, but that is exactly what you are getting with leather chesterfields. It is the finest furniture around and can be purchased at a reasonable price. And with the durability it is built with, you can enjoy the comfort of fine leather for years to come.

The Importance of Play

2009-03-04T23:59:00.000-08:00

For children, play is naturally enjoyable. And since it is their active engagement in things that interest them, play should be child-led, or at least child-inspired, for it to remain relevant and meaningful to them. Children at play are happily lost in themselves; they are in their own realm of wonder, exploration, and adventure, pulling parents in at times with a frequent “Let’s play, mom!” as an open invitation into that world.As early as infancy, children immerse themselves in play activities with the purpose of making sense of the world around them. Play gives children the opportunity to learn and experience things themselves, which is vital for their development. Although peek-a-boo games seem pointless to adults, tots are awed by the surprise that awaits them as they see the suddenly emerging faces of people they love.

(Stages of Play)

During toddlerhood, children experience a motor-growth spurt that equips them to solitarily fiddle with anything they can get their hands on – be it a construction toy or the box from where it came.

Toddlers also love breaking into song, wiggling and jiggling to tunes, and imitating finger plays they are commonly exposed to.

Preschoolers begin extending their play to involve others, whether they bring others in at any stage of their game or they plan their game and its players’ way ahead. Their physical and motor skills allow them to widen their lay arena, from dramatic play to table games to outdoor pursuits.

School-age children start appreciating organized play – such as innovated songs and rhymes, games with rules, relays and other physical activities, sports and projects that they can accomplish over a certain time frame.

Play Perks:

Why the big fuss about playing? Play benefits the child in ways that might be a tad difficult for adults to imagine.

1. Play brings pure and utter joy.

A toddler who jumps into an empty box and runs around the house ‘driving a car’ shows the sheer happiness that play brings him or her. When children are asked what they did in school and they answer ‘play,’ it is a clear sign that these kids remember a feeling of genuine joy that is captured in this four-letter word.

2. Play fosters socio-emotional learning.

What does a ten-month-old baby who shrieks at the sight of her stuffed toy have in common with a ten-year-old boy who plays basketball with his friends? They both deal with their confidence as they choose to embark on their play activities. At the same time, they are displaying their independence in the decisions that they make. These two children are also internalizing social rules in their respective play situations: the baby waits patiently for her stuffed toy to appear, while the school-age child has to contend with an impending loss in a ball game.

3. Play hones physical and motor development.

Play often involves the use of the senses, the body, and the extremities. When children play, they exercise their bodies for physical strength, fluidity of movement, balance and coordination.

Perceptual-motor ability, or the capacity to coordinate what you perceive with how you move, is an essential skill that preschoolers need to develop. A three-year-old who is engrossed in digging, scooping, and pouring sand into a container must match his or her perception of the space in front of him or her with actual hand movements, so that he or she can successfully fulfill the motor activity.

4. Play facilitates cognitive learning.

Play is vital to the intellectual development of a child. We live in a symbolic world in which people need to decode words, actions, and numbers.

For young children, symbols do not naturally mean anything because they are just arbitrary representations of actual objects. The role of play is for the child to understand better cognitive concepts in ways that are enjoyable, real, concrete, and meaningful to them. For instance, through play, a child is able to comprehend that the equation 3 + 2 = 5 means ‘putting together’ his toy cars by lining them up in his makeshift parking lot. When he combines 2 triangles to make a square during block play, or writes down his score is a bowling game, the child is displaying what he knows about shapes and numbers.

Through play, the child is constructing his or her worldview by constantly working and reworking his understanding of concepts.

5. Play enhances language development.

Toddlers who are still grappling with words need to be immersed in oral language so they can imitate what they hear. They benefit from songs and rhymes that provide the basis for understanding how language works.

When these tots are playing with toys, adults model to them how language is used to label objects or describe an event. At play, preschoolers use language to interact, communicate ideas, and likewise learn from dialogues with more mature members of society.

6. Play encourages creativity.

Barney the dinosaur was right about using imagination to make things happen. A lump of Play-Doh suddenly turns into spaghetti with meat sauce and cheese; a small towel transforms into a cape that completes a superhero’s wardrobe; and a tin can serves as a drum that accompanies an aspiring rock artist. Play opens an entire avenue for children to express themselves, show what they know and how they feel, and to create their own masterpieces.

7. Play provides bonding opportunities.

Play is an important factor in child development. It provides for interaction, experimentation, and moral development. Here are some ways by which parents can encourage and support their children’s playtime.

- Let your child be the player-leader. Let children initiate their activity, set their own theme, choose the parameters where the play will take place. Play becomes a venue for children to express their feelings and be in control.

- Help them help themselves. When your 5-year-old asks for help, say, figuring out how to piece a puzzle together, stop yourself from coming to her rescue and first ask your child questions that allow him or her to help himself or herself. Say, “Where do you think this piece should go?” Afterward, commend his or her success.

- Play attention. Once you make a commitment to play with your child, watch for the following signals: Does he or she want you to actively play a part in the activity? Does he or she need encouragement? Is he or she tired or hungry? Does he or she need to take a break?

- Have a play plan. If you seem to have little time for playing with your child, consider using self-care chores to have fun with him or her. Also, get support from other people in your household, like older siblings, household help, or the child’s grandparents, so that they understand why play is important and how they should continue to encourage it.

Taking a "Survival Type" Job Is Good For You

2008-12-04T03:02:00.000-08:00

   Ugh! Arg! How can a survivor type job be good for me? I'm barely hanging on to what I found and at minimum wage. (I have been promised a ten cent an hour increase in one month).

   I used to be a facilities manager at a tire factory. Boy, have I hit bottom! I've had to give up a lot of things I liked; like my fitness club membership. None of that now. I feel so down in the dumps that I don't even go for a walk, much less worry about my being fit or not.

  I feel lousy after the tire factory went overseas. This new job making and serving coffee and sandwiches makes me sad at what I've lost. How can I EVER feel good about what I'm doing now to make money and pay my bills?

  Here comes the career counselor to the rescue of this job holder's blues. I suggest the following ways to help anyone who has had to take something less than what they wanted, like the person described above.

1. You found a job! Yes, yes, yes, it is not what you want or expected after job loss. However, you found one that offers you some money, structure and to be out in the world. Try some small samples of gratitude for your luck.

2. Learn all you can about this job, no matter how menial you may think it is. Employers like people who are enthusiastic. See what you can do to improve it, even in small steps.

3. If this is a job working with the public, (like the sandwich maker above), you can network politely by finding out more about your customers. One might be your next employer. Good customer service has not gone out of style either.

4. Use your spare time to decide what you really want in a job. You are using some of your innate skills in this job. Pinpoint what they are. Make a list. Keep applying for jobs.

5. Have supportive people around you. They've been where you are. Show them you care about them too.

6. Be happy! Things change in a flash and this job is one that you can use to your advantage. Keep learning and smiling!

Leave Your Dead End Job…For Good.

2008-12-04T02:59:00.000-08:00

   So here you are…stuck in a dead end job. Are you hitting the glass ceiling in a job you once loved, but now can’t stand? Maybe the hours are long. Maybe you can’t stand retail customers anymore. Maybe you’re like 70% of college students who didn’t earn a degree and you feel this is the best job you can get without one.

   Take heart. There are a lot of great careers out there, especially for people who have some work experience. But how will you get trained and how can you go to school when you’re still working…after all you’ve got bills to pay, maybe kids, a car payment and a mortgage? A career college can train you and get you the right certification to get into a better job and a better future.

   Career colleges offer relevant coursework, proper accreditation and flexible schedules to get you into a better career in medical, computer, paralegal or business fields. Usually there’s limited, or no waiting to take the courses you need. Most programs take two years or less and some as little as six months! The fact that you’ve had some work experience, hopefully with increased responsibilities, will give you an advantage once you finish your schooling.

Here are three occupational fields that are full of opportunity now and will continue to be over the next decade.

Healthcare

  The healthcare field is one of the fastest growing fields around. More and more people are retiring out of it, the American population has grown and we are living longer lives. These conditions have created a huge demand for all types of medical jobs. Three hot jobs are:
Nursing
Dental Hygiene
Medical Coding

Computer

  Just like healthcare, computer based jobs are continuing to grow. Computers are taking over the world, but they still need programmers and operators to make them work. Here are three jobs that have great growth potential:
Help Desk Analyst
Software Development
Graphic Design

Mechanical Trades

If you don’t like to sit behind a desk all day, there are plenty of jobs that allow you to be “constructive” and pay well.
HVAC Technician
Electrician
Appliance Repair Technician

  Don’t settle for a dead end job. You have too many years left in the workforce to be unhappy for eight hours a day. With flexible schedules, short time to completion and a variety of financial aid options, a career college can take you towards a better job and a

What You will Get from Work at Home

2008-12-04T02:55:00.000-08:00

   Work from home is increasing as employers have realized the value of this category. It is not a difficult task, the cost of getting everything set up is also not high. One of the main reasons why many people would like to work from home is so that they can take care of their children. To work from home is not an impossible goal; it is something to work at and hardly becomes a reality overnight. Whoever she is she has come to the decision that work from home is an improvement to working outside the home.

   Being able to work from home is in fact becoming a way of life for millions of people each year, and these people are doing it successfully. One very important consideration when choosing to this work is self-discipline. In reality, a lot people think that work from home is very senseless and that to have a secure life especially when you have a family is to get job working hard and saving money but the best thing about being able to work from home is the control of our time.

   There are a wide variety of work at home opportunities, but not all of them are what you might think they are. Other work at home opportunities which can make you money if you put some time into them include taking surveys and filling out opinion polls. Every day more and more people are looking for work from home income opportunities. Since most work from home opportunities are in the area of network marketing, sales and communication skills are required too.

   With so many opportunities for computer work from home, there is no reason not to pursue one of these great chances to become your own boss while working from the comfort of your home. In fact, there are a number of computer works from home opportunities that require very little computer knowledge at all.

   The most important thing you can do in organizing yourself to work from home is to set your office hours and one of the obvious rewards you reap when you work from home is that you can fit in time for your children's activities without having to ask someone else for permission. Deciding where to begin when wanting to work from home is the

How It Will Be Working From Home

2008-12-04T02:53:00.000-08:00

   What is the best work based from home job for you is entirely a personal and professional decision. It is a big step from being employed to working for yourself, so plan as far ahead as possible and think about the effects on all areas of your life to prepare yourself, before you leave your job. Whether you own a full-time, home-based business or your job allows you to occasionally work from the comfort of your home, there are many things that can distract you from getting your work done.

  Before you up and quit your day job, you need to look at many different things that can and will affect your ability to work from home. If you work at a job that stresses your back--medical work, warehousing, mechanical occupations, and garbage collection are top contenders. You may need to do more than just practice good lifting technique. Another area of consideration when trying to determine the best work based from home job for you is whether you are a “creative” person or a more business-minded person.

  At the other extreme, those who are working at home for the first time, may be tempted to relax all day long, watch television, go to the local pub or whatever it is they like to do, and never actually settle down to any work. For those who have a daily grind of commuting to their job, sometimes long distances and for an hour, two hours or even more, the thought of working at home may seem like a dream.

  If I manage to achieve the same success working from home during the day as I have over the last year working a few hours here and there in my spare time I’ll be well on my way to becoming a full time home business entrepreneur. Should I decide to do this I’ll be taking the huge step from working on my business in my spare time to earn some extra money, to working half the week for myself. With action I mean the following, be willing to invest some of the money you have earned working for a boss.

  Wouldn't you love to be one of those people on the other end of the line providing that information, working at home being your own boss, starting every day with checking your bank statements just to notice that you've made another heap of money while you where sleeping. It is always good to know the experiences that other people have had with the business opportunity that you are researching. Many people facing the threat of being laid off do not have a clear, transferable set of skills that they can use in their own business.

  If you are interested in taking part in an MLM business, it is the best idea for you. Once you build downline, you will have working team with same goal "work from home". For more information about MLM business, make sure you follow the link in the recourse box below now.

We All Wish That Our Children have Good Virtues, but... Are We Setting A Good Example Ourselves?

2008-12-04T02:51:00.000-08:00

  We all wish that our children should not smoke or drink, should not speak lies, should not steal, should not have a violent nature, etc... but are we setting a good example ourselves?

  Just yesterday, I was at a friend's place and his daughter came running up to us with her school calendar and asked him to put a remark for being absent for school. They had been to a close relative's wedding and my friend merely wrote "Stomach Pain" and signed the calendar. Aren't you indirectly teaching the child that it is OK to lie? I have seen so many parents protecting the guilt of their children by lying, I wonder what will happen to them when these children start lying to their parents themselves!

   Smoking is a very bad habit and you must refrain from smoking, at least in front of children. When you smoke, your child watches your actions with great concentration and then even tries to imitate you. If you cannot leave the habit, go to the terrace / verandah and smoke. If you don't have one, go for a walk and take your nicotine break there. If you have a spare room in your house, go there and remember to close / lock your door. So what if your child knows that you smoke? Don't light up in front of him. If you are smoking and your child comes to you, extinguish your cigarette, even you have just started (even if you're not a millionaire). Remember, passive smoking is just as dangerous to your child's health. Don't keep cigarettes lying around the house and always keep track of the number of cigarettes you have (even if you're a millionaire). You don't want your missing cigarettes found in your child's schoolbag, do you? Remember one thing in your life - never ever ask your child to buy cigarettes for you, if you run out of them. If you do, be rest assured that your child will smoke, some day. You are exposing him to all the varieties of cigarettes, the touch, feel and smell of it, the cigarette vendor's marketing skills and the other smokers. If your children ask you about your smoking habit, don't lie. Tell them you do smoke and have accidently caught the habit. Don't give a reason for smoking (like you are stressed, etc) as some day you will get a similar reason from him. Also tell him that you are trying to quit and genuinely give it a try. Get an anti-smoking screensaver and install it on your PC. You can get them free if you search on Google.com. Wouldn't your children be happier if you lived a little longer?

  The same goes for drinking. One important thing to remember - never get drunk in front of your children. If you are not in your senses, you could speak or do something that you shouldn't, in front of your children. You can even cause physical or mental harm. If you MUST get drunk, go to a bar or confine yourself to a locked room. If your spouse is around, the better.

  Don't use foul language in front of children. As I mentioned earlier, children try to imitate you. If you come across a reckless driver and let off steam be careful with your words. Your child is listening. Never ever use foul language with your spouse and don't abuse him / her, at least not in front of your children. I know, we all have our problems and married life (or any other life) isn't a bed of roses. But try to confine your fights to your bedroom and control the decibel level unless you have a totally soundproof room. I have heard 3 year old children speaking the filthiest language, even if they probably don't know what they're speaking!

  Never ever let go a child who stole something. Now, I'm not saying that if you found out that your child is stealing, jump on him or give him a tight slap. Don't even humiliate him with shame. But sternly explain him that this is not right and make it crystal clear that it is not permitted. If he has stolen from a store, go back with him and make him return the item. If it is from school, make him return it to the teacher to avoid him from public shame. Explain to the teacher that you will be keeping an eye on him from repetition of the act. Follow your promise religiously and keep a check on his possessions within his schoolbag, his cupboard, etc. Is there something he possesses that is not bought by you? If so, be firm in knowing from where he got it from and insist on returning it. Don't accept lies too easily, its as if you're condoning the theft. Also remember, don't keep money lying around the house even if you have money to burn. Make him understand the value of money. Maintain a limit on pocket money and encourage him to save. It is also time to think if the child needs more affection and attention at home and a watch over his company. If all attempts fail, approach a child psychiatrist.

  Television, movies, games and comics also play a vital role in the psychology of the child. If he watches a lot of brutality, he may tend to act it out. Limit the time and type of programs he watches. Encourage him to watch productive programs suitable to his age. Although I don't watch television often, recently I have been watching some serials and was quite surprised that most of them were centered around scheming women with criminal minds. A very important thing you should do is be with your child when watching television. If there is a scene which you shouldn't want your child to see, distract him by asking him some question like "is your home work complete" and when he is looking at you, change the channel. If he insists to watch it, firmly tell him that it is not right for his age.

A Business In One Sentence

2008-12-04T02:44:00.000-08:00

   Marketing expert and author, Geoffrey Moore, has a useful fill-in-the-blank method for creating a theme and positioning statement for your business. I prefer to use his same system for creating clarity for myself in what I'm selling, creating an elevator or introduction speech, and also material for my website, brochures and business card.

  Using this same method for each niche I have also keeps me focused and on target for where I am going and what comes first. I know it will do the same for you. As a public speaker, I also like to use the same exercise to create a one-line message for each workshop or engagement. This way the participants and I start from the same page. I like to say it provides the tree trunk that all the branches stem from.

  This exercise is designed to be simple and achievable in 15 minutes. However, if this seems somewhat daunting, see if your beliefs are still in the clouds of wanting to deliver too much to too many to soon. If this is the case, there is a great book I recommend that will support you in narrowing down: Niche and Grow Rich, by Jennifer and Peter Sander. This book will support you understanding the market place you want to enter and in narrowing your thoughts.

Exercise

For ___________________________
(Hints: Who is your target customer, your niche? Is there a geographic relevance? If so, add it. Examples: Seniors, women business owners, teens between 13 and 18. If a specific geographic area: Writers in the Washington DC metro area.)

Who ___________________________
(Hints: This is where you qualify your target customer and time of need. Examples: Who are obese. Who are 62 and older. Who own a business. Who are in high school and take music.)

Our product/service is ____________________________
(Hints: What is your product or the service? Our product is a line of workshops. Our service is training. Our service is executive coaching. Our service is training or engineering or accounting.)

That provides ______________________________
(Hints: What are your key features of this product/service? What are the major benefits of this product or service? What are the tradeoffs? That provides shortcuts (software training) at a discount/premium price. That contains no chemicals. That contains no hidden costs. That contains no markups. That contains life support.)

Unlike ____________________________________
(Hints: Who are your competitors? What are the products not serving the needs of this particular niche? Unlike other retail sellers, which have.... Unlike store-bought goods, these.... Unlike other coaches.... Unlike other workshops....)

Our product/service _______________________________
(Hints: Your product/service serves this niche by doing what? Our product/service helps this group increase their personal leadership skills. Our product/service helps this group overcome.... Our product/service helps this group reap the rewards of....

Taking This Forward

  Once you have completed this exercise, whether it is for your overall business theme or better yet a narrower one, you can move this information forward into all your marketing information.

  Create a paragraph with this information, then edit and refine the language so that it fits your customer’s reading style. This is especially important if your style is different. Each word you use has an energy attached to it. This energy either detracts or attracts customers.

Top Ten Sentence Prompts

2008-12-04T02:43:00.000-08:00

   There are many ways to find prompts and ideas for journaling. Some journal-keepers develop ideas easily. Others prefer to use outside sources. Still others like to mix and match both outside sources and their own ideas. Whether you fall into one or the other categories, this list of prompts should help you get started with your journaling. Once you become more comfortable and proficient in journaling, you will be able to branch out and try a variety of techniques in your entries.

   Prompts come in the form of “I” statements (including identifying feelings, thoughts (I want, I will) describing actions, scenery and interactions with people, completing sentences and writing poems. You may also randomly pick words or phrases from a dictionary, interesting headlines, titles from a table of contents or television or radio show titles. You may also use a name of objects (flowers, animals, pets, plants or trees), song titles, word association phrases or words. After you have tried at least one prompt from this list, then, try writing a list of 100 words, phrases or ideas, you may repeat some until you finish the list. Read through the list and pick the first three prompts that stand out to you. You will have ninety-seven other ideas to use the next time your journal. (this exercise is used courtesy of Kathleen Adams, Journey to the Self)

   I’ve listed a hint in parentheses, for each prompt, if you have trouble, then try the hint. When you use either the prompt or the hint you should be able to find an idea that peaks your interest, so you can develop it nto a journal entry.

  I hope that you will discover something new about yourself and about journal prompts as you practice with this list of sentence prompts.

1) Describe the view outside your window. (Hint: choose one word to describe the whole view)

2) I feel_______________________ (Hint: choose the strongest feel ing you have or might have now)

3) I want________________________ (Hint: choose the ‘it’ that you want the most of anything that you’ve ever wanted)

4) I am_______________________ (Hint: one character trait that you are most sure of)

5) I wish_____________________________ (Hint: choose your most heartfelt dream)

6) I would_____________________________ (Hint: choose the one action that you’ve most wanted to take)

7) I will_______________________________ (Hint: choose your favorite goal)

8) I won’t_______________________________ (Hint: choose your deepest conviction)

9) I wonder_______________________________ (Hint: choose your wildest dream)

10) I’m not________________________________ (Hint: choose your worst nickname)

Copyright 2006 Writer's Eye Advisory Service

Make Good article

2008-12-04T02:38:00.000-08:00

   As a writer you may be ready to cash in on the need for web content. There is a lot of money that can be made through content writing if you know what web publishers are looking for in high quality content. If you are a very versatile writer you will find that you can actually make content writing your full time job! The new trend of article marketing has writers very excited because webmasters all over the Internet are hungry for talented writers who can’t pump out the high quality content fast enough.

What to Write

  Exactly what you should write will depend on whom you are writing for. If you are a writer that is writing pieces for an article directory you will want to keep things as generic as possible. The more nonspecific you can keep your articles the more likely a webmaster will choose your article to be displayed on his or her website. It’s important not to mention websites or specific products, as this can limit the usefulness of the article to webmasters because they generally do not want to promote anything other than themselves and especially not their competitors. Most web publishers are looking for content, not marketing pages.

  If you are writing for a specific web publisher you will want to keep in mind what their business is all about. Think about key phrases or words that are often associated with their product, business, or service and include them in the article. Be sure that the key phrases you come up with or are provided don’t seem unnatural and they don’t disrupt the flow of the article. Key words and phrases are only as helpful as their placement. Remember, we are talking about quality content, which reads well and helps search engines figure out what the website is all about at the same time.

Research Required

  Make sure that if you are writing on a topic and you don’t have first hand knowledge that you research! Content provided by websites is only as useful as the author that is writing. If you only provide fluff and no real meat in articles visitors will be less likely to come back to the website again, so you are actually working against the plan to increase traffic with the article. Always look at your article the way that a visitor would and try to provide all of the information you would want if you were that person.

How to Write

  Your style of writing is really a matter of opinion. Many web publishers like for their content to be written in a very conversational style. This writing style allows for readers to feel as though the author is talking to them, and it’s just a very comfortable way to get information on the Internet. If you take an official tone many visitors may be turned off even though you are providing all of the information that is needed.

Market Yourself

  Don’t forget your resource box! The resource box is the section either at the beginning or end of an article that tells the reader who you are, any websites that you are affiliated with, and may even provide links to the websites. This is a great way to market yourself. While a web publisher may first find your work on an article directory he or she may contact you personally for your services, in which case you usually stand to make a lot more money!

Istilah-istilah Karangan ilmiah

2008-12-03T03:00:00.000-08:00

Perbedaan istilah-istilah karangan ilmiah adalah sebagai berikut

Makalah adalah karya tulis ilmiah yang menyajikan suatu masalah dan pembahasanya berdasarkan data di lapangan yang bersifat objektif-empiris. Makalah menyajikan masalah yang berpola pikir deduktif atau induktif. Makalah biasanya ditulis untuk melengkapi tugas-tugas mata kuliah atau untu memberikan pola pikir untuk memberikan saran pemecahan tentang suatu masalah secara ilmiah. Makalah menggunakan bahasa yang lugas dan tegas, makalah adalah salah satu jenis karangan ilmiah yang paling simple atau mudah alias sederhana ketimbang yang lainnya.

Kertas kerja adalah karya tulis ilmiah yang menyajikan data di lapangan yang bersifat objektif-empiris. Analisis dalam kertas kerja lebih serius daripada analisis dalam makalah. Kertas kerja ditulis untuk di sajikan misalnya dalam seminar atau lokakarya.

Skripsi adalah karya tulis ilmiah yang mengemukakan pendapat penulis berdasarkan pendapat orang lain. Penedapat yang diajukan harus didukung oleh data dan fakta objektif-empiris, baik observasi lapangan maupun studi perpustakaan. Skripsi biasanya ditulis untuk melengkapi syarat guna memperoleh gelar sarjana muda/diploma dan penyusunanya dibimbing oleh seseorang dosen atau tim yang ditunjuk oleh suatu lembaga pendidikan tinggi.

Tesis adalah karya ilmiah yang sifatnya lebih mendalamm datipada skripsi. Tesis akan mengungkapkan pengetahuan baru yang dipeoleh dari penelitian sendiri. Karya tulis ini memperbincangkan pengujian terhadap suatu hipotesis dan ditulis oleh mahasiswa fakultas pasca sarjana.

Disertasi adalah karya tulis ilmiah yang mengemukakan suatu perkataan(dalil) dan dapat dibuktikan oleh penulis berdasarkan data dan fakta yang dipercaya dan dengan analisis yang terperinci. Perkataan yang dikemukakan biasamnya dipertahankan oleh penulisnya dari sangahan-sangahan guru besar/penguji suatu pendidikan tinggi (kalau di sekolah aku namanya pak aunil). Disertasi ini berisi suatu temuan penulis sendiri,yang berupa temuan original. Jika temuan original ini dapat dipertahankan oleh penulisnya dari sanggahan penguji,penulisnya berhak menyandang doktor.

Semua jenis karangan ilmiah hendaklah ditulis dengan padat serta disusun secara logis dan cermat.

Karangan ilmiah

2008-12-03T02:58:00.000-08:00

Banyak anggapan Sebagian penulis ataupun calon sarjana serta mahasiswa bahwa menyusun karangan ilmiah dengan bahasa yang benar itu sangatlah rumit. Sebagian dari mereka itu mengeluh setelah di beri tugas untuk menyusun sebuat makalah ataupun skripsi oleh pembimbing atau lembaga pendidikan tingginya. Mereka seolah-olah “menyerah” sebelum “mencoba”.

Angapan dan perasaan sepeti itulah yang terlalu XL(eXstra Lebai) wkwkwkwkwkwk, alias berlebihan. Karena menyusun karangn ilmiah tidak jauh beda dengan menyusun karangan lainnya, seperti karangan jurnalistik atau laporan perjalanan. Perbedaannya hanyalah pada susunannya saja, jikalau karangan ilmiah harus mengikuti metode ilmiah yang terdiri atas langkah-langkah untuk mengorganisasi dan mengatur gagasan pemikiran yang konseptual dan procedural yang disepakati oleh para ilmuwan. Jadi, siapapun seperti mahasiswa,masyarakat,calon sarjana,baikpun pelajar SMP/MTs,SMA/MA sederajat dapat menyusun karangan ilmiah asalkan mereka mau mengikuti secara cara-cara atau arahan dari Pembina ataupun pembibing yang berpengalaman.

Sekarang kita membahas tentang karangan ilmiah itu sendiri

Jenis-jenis karangan ilmiah

Brotowidjoyo (1985:8—9),”Karangan ilmiah adalah karangan ilmu pengetahuan yang menjajikan fakta dan ditulis menurut metodologi penulisan yang baik dan benar.” Dalam hal cirri khusus karangan ilmiah dapat dikatakan sebagai karangan jujur dan akurat berdasarkan kebenaran. Kebenaran dalam karangan ilmiah adalah sebuah kebenaran yang objektif-positif, sesuai dengan fakta di lapangan, dan bukanlah kebenaran yang normatif.

Ada beberapa karangan ilmiah yang kita kenal. Di samping makalah dan skripsi di samping itu banyak jenis-jenis karangan ilmiah yang kita kenal antara lain kertas kerja,laporan penelitian, tesis, dan disertasi. Istilah tersebut dipakai untuk member nama suatu karangan yang bersifat ilmiah. Semua karangan ilmiah tersebut selalu menyajikan hasil kegiatan penelitian tentang suatu problem ataupun pokok masalah berdasarkan data-data fakta yang diperoleh di lapangan, karangan-karangan tersebuta sudahlah disusun secara sistematis. Dengan demikian pembaca karangan ilmiah tidak dapat menyalahkan ataupun menentang isi dari karangan ilmiah tersebut karena karangan tadi disusun dengan data yang akurat.

Manfaat penyusunan karangan ilmiah

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Manfaat penyusunan karangan ilmiah

Penulis akan terlatih mengembangkan keterampilan membaca yang efektif karna sebalum menulis karangan ilmiah,ia must be membaca ke perpus yang ada relevansinya dengan topik yang akan dibahas.

Penulis akan terlatih menggabungkan hasil bacaan dari berbagai sumber,menggambil inti sari,dan menggembangkannya ke tinggkat pemikiran yang tinggi.

Penulis akan berkenalan dengan kegiatan perpus (bukan sama yang njaga),seperti mencari bahan bacaan dalam catalog penggarang atau catalog judul buku.

Penulis akan dapat meningkatkan ketrampilan dalam menggorganisasikan dan menyajikan sebuah fakta secara jelas dan sistematis.

Penulis akan memperoleh kepuasan intelektual.

Penulis turut memperluas cakrawala ilmu pengetahuan masyarakat.

Macam-Macam sikap ilmiah

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Macam-Macam sikap ilmiah

Penulis karangan ilmiah itu musti punya sikap-sikap ilmiah (bukan sikap katalis,atau reduksi,reduktor) kalau itu kimia.

Ada tujuh macam sikap-sikap ilmiah agar karya sang penulis dapat dipertanggungjawabkan, baik kepada masyarakat maupun kepada diri sendiri.

Brotowidjoyo (1985:33—34),ketujh macam sifat yang dimiliki oleh orang yang berjiwa ilmiah adalah (1) sikap ingin tahu, (2) sikap kritis, (3) sikap terbuka, (4) sikap objektif, (5) sikep rela menghargai orang lain, (6) sikap berani mempertahankan kebenaran, (7) sikap menjangkau kedepan.

Personifikasi dari ketujuh sikap tersebut adalah sebagai berikut.

Sikap ingin tahu diwujudkan dengan selalu bertanya-tanya tentang berbagai hal. Why that way? Any kind of its elements?

Sikap kritis direalisasikan dengan mencari informasi sebanyak-banyaknya, baik dengan jalan bertanya kepada siapa saja yang dipastikan mengetahui tentang masalah yang sedang di rumuskan maupun dengan membaca sebelum menentukan pendapat untuk ditulis.

Sikap terbuka dinyatakan dengan selalu bersedia mendegarkan keterangan dan argumentasi orang lain.

Sikap objektif diperlihatkan dengan apa adanya,tanpa dibarengi persaan pribadi.

Sikap rela menghragai kerya orang lain diwujudkan dengan mengutip dan menyatakan terimakasi atas karangan orang lain, dan menggagapnya sebagai karya dan original milik penggarangnya.

Sikap berani mempertahankan kebenaran diwujudkan dengan pembelaan fakta atas hasil penelitianya.

Sikap menjangkau kedepan,”Futuristik” yaitu berpandangan jauh, mampu membuat hipotesis dan membuktikannya, bahka mampu menyusun suatu teori baru.

Waktu yang dibutuhkan untuk menyusun sebuah karya ilmiah.

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Waktu yang dibutuhkan untuk menyusun sebuah karya ilmiah.

Waktu yang dibutuhkan berbeda-beda tergantung paada luas sempitnya masalah yang dibahas dan dangkal atau dalamnya pembahasan.

Untuk karangan ilmiah seperti Makalah dan kertas kerja yang ketebalannya Disertasi memerlukan waktu yang lebih lama.

Jadwal kegiatan Penyusunan.

Agar penyusunan karangan ilmiah selesai pada waktu yang ditetapkan oleh dosen pembimbing atau perguruan tinggi yang member tugas penulis must be have kesabaran, keuletan, serta memiliki disiplin kerja yang tinggi. Untuk keperluan itu, sebaiknya penyusun membuat jadwal kegiatan.

Penyusun karangan ilmiah harus betul-betul mentaati jadwal kegiatan ini.

Tahap-Tahap penyusunan Karangan ilmiah

Pada dasarnya terdapat lima tahab dalam penyusunan karangan ilmiah. (1) persiapan, (2) pengumpulan data, (3) pengorganisasian dan pengonsepan, (4) Pemeriksaan/penyuntingan Konsep, (5) Penyajian atau pengetikan.

Yang termasuk tahapan persiapan adalah (a) Pemilihan masalah atau topic, (b) Penentuan judul, dan (c) Pembuatan kerangka karangan atau ragangan. Yang termasuk tahap pengumpulan data adalah (a) Pencarian keterangan dari bacaan, seperti Buku, majalah, surat kabar, (b) Pengumpulan keterangan dari pihak-pihak yang mengetahui masalah yang akan di kupas, (c) Pengamatan langsung ke obyek yang akan diteliti, serta (d) percobaan dan pengujian di lapangan atau Laboratorium. Yang termasuk tahap pengorganisasian dan pengonsepan adalah (a) Pengelompokan bahan yaitu bagian-bagian yang akan di dahulukan dan bagian mana yang akan di kemudiankan, dan (b) Pengonsepan. Yang termasuk tahap Pemeriksaan/penyuntingan konsep adalah pembacaan dan pengecekan kembali naskah; yang kurang lengkap di lengkapi, yang kurang relevan di musnahkan. Tentu ada penyajian yang berulang-ulang atau tumpang tindih, pemakaian bahasa yang kurang efektif, baik dari segi penulisan dan pemilihan kata, penyusunan kalimat, penyusunan paragraph, maupun segi penerapan kaidah ejaan. Yang termasuk tahapan penyajian adalah pengetikan hasil penelitian.

Rincian tiap-tiap kegiatan itu adalah sebagai berikut.

Macam-Macam sikap ilmiah

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Macam-Macam sikap ilmiah

Penulis karangan ilmiah itu musti punya sikap-sikap ilmiah (bukan sikap katalis,atau reduksi,reduktor) kalau itu kimia.

Ada tujuh macam sikap-sikap ilmiah agar karya sang penulis dapat dipertanggungjawabkan, baik kepada masyarakat maupun kepada diri sendiri.

Brotowidjoyo (1985:33—34),ketujh macam sifat yang dimiliki oleh orang yang berjiwa ilmiah adalah (1) sikap ingin tahu, (2) sikap kritis, (3) sikap terbuka, (4) sikap objektif, (5) sikep rela menghargai orang lain, (6) sikap berani mempertahankan kebenaran, (7) sikap menjangkau kedepan.

Personifikasi dari ketujuh sikap tersebut adalad sebagai berikut.

Sikap ingin tahu diwujudkan dengan selalu bertanya-tanya tentang berbagai hal. Why that way? Any kind of its elements?

Sikap kritis direalisasikan dengan mencari informasi sebanyak-banyaknya, baik dengan jalan bertanya kepada siapa saja yang dipastikan mengetahui tentang masalah yang sedang di rumuskan maupun dengan membaca sebelum menentukan pendapat untuk ditulis.

Sikap terbuka dinyatakan dengan selalu bersedia mendegarkan keterangan dan argumentasi orang lain.

Sikap objektif diperlihatkan dengan apa adanya,tanpa dibarengi persaan pribadi.

Sikap rela menghragai kerya orang lain diwujudkan dengan mengutip dan menyatakan terimakasi atas karangan orang lain, dan menggagapnya sebagai karya dan original milik penggarangnya.

Sikap berani mempertahankan kebenaran diwujudkan dengan pembelaan fakta atas hasil penelitianya.

Sikap menjangkau kedepan,”Futuristik” yaitu berpandangan jauh, mampu membuat hipotesis dan membuktikannya, bahka mampu menyusun suatu teori baru.

Tahapan Persiapan

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Tahapan Persiapan

Dalam tahapan persiapan dilakukan a) Pemiilihan topik masalah b) Penentuan judul, dan c) Pembuatan rangka karangan atau ragangan (outline)

Pemilihan topik/masalah

Topik atau masalah adalah pokok pemikiran. Topik tersedia dengan melimpah ruah, Sehubungan dengan isi pernyataan itu, hal-hal berikut patut di pertimbangkan dengan seksama oleh penyusun karangan ilmiah.

Topik yang dipilih setidaknya berada di sekitar anda, baik pengalaman kalian ataupun pengetahuan anda, karena apabila topik tersebut jauh dari kalian akan menyulitkan kalian untuk menyusunya.

Topik yang dipilih harus topik yang paling menarik perhatian kalian.

Topik yang dipilih terpusat pada suatu segi lingkup dan terbatas. Hindari pokok masalah yang menyeret kalian pada pengumpulan informasi yang beraneka ragam.

Topik yang dipilih memiliki data dan fakta yang objektif. Hindari topik yang bersifat subjektif, seperti kesenangann atau angan-angan kalian.

Topik yang kalian pilih harus kalian ketahui prinsip-prinsip ilmiahnya—walaupun serba sedikit. Artinya topik yang dipilih itu janganlah terlalu baru bagi anda.

Topik yang dipilih harus memiliki simbur acuan, memiliki bahan kepustakaan yang akan memberi informasi tentang pokok masalah yang akan ditulis. Sumber kepustakaan dapat berupa buku, majalah, surat kabar, brosur, surat keputusan, situs web, atau Undang-undang.

Pembatasan Topik dan Penentuan Judul

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Pembatasan Topik dan Penentuan Judul

Jika topik sudah di tentukan dengan pasti sesuai dengan petunjuk-petunjuk,tinggal kalian mengujisekali lagi apakah topik itu cukup sempit dan terbatas atau masih mengambang, what?who?where?which?how? Bagai mana menggunakan system 5W 1H.

Adakalanya pembatasan judul itu dilakukan dengan memberi anak. Anak judul itu selain berfungsi sebagai penjelasan atau ketereangan utama. Dalam hal seperti ini, antara judul utama dengan anak judul harus dibubuhkan titik dua( : )

Contohnya

1.PENGEMBAGAN SUMBER DAYA MANUSIA DI SURABAYA: SEGI KUALITAS DAN KUANTINTAS.

Judul-judul karangan yang dapat digunakan untuk karya ilmiah oleh mahasiswa.

Fakultas Hukum

Topik : Peranan Undang-undang

Judul : “Wawasan Masyrakat Terhadap Undang-Undang Yang Digunakan Untuk Bersosialisasi dan Berinteraksi”

Fakultas Ilmu Keolahragaan

Topik : Kesehatan Masyarakat

Judul : “Peningkatan Pola Hidup Sehat Masyarakat”

Fakultas Teknik (arsitek)

Topik : Pembangunan

Judul :” Peningkatan Kinerja Tukang Borongan Dengan Meminimalisir Bangunan Yang Tidak Diperlukan”

Pembuatan Kerangka karangan

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Pembuatan Kerangka karangan

Kerangka karangan dapat disebut juga ragangan (outline). Penyusunan ragangan, pada prinsipnya, adalah proses pengolongan dan penataan beberapa fakta, yang kadang-kadang berbeda jenis dan sifatnya, menjadi kesatuan yang bertautan (Moeliono, 1988:1) . Penyusun karangan ilmiah.

Penulisan karangan ilmiah harus menenttukan Judul-judul bab dahulu dan judul anak bab sebelum menentukan rangka karangan. Untuk menentukan judul bab dan anak judul bab, penyusun karangan ilmiah dapat bertanya kepada judul karangan ilmiahnya. Pertanyaan yang dapat diajukan ialah “apakah yang akan saya lakukan dengan judul itu”,”mau diapakan judul ini” atau “masalah apa saja yang akan dibicarakan di bawah judul tersebut”.

CONTOH RAGANGAN 1

PEMBUATAN DAN PENGGUNAAN FURNITURE SAAT INI DI LINGKUNGAN MASYARAKAT

PEMBUATAN DAN PENGGUNAAN FURNITURE

Pengenalan Furniture

Jenis-Jenis Furniture

Pembuatan Furniture

Bahan Baku

Proses Pembuatan

Cara-Cara Pembuatan

Fungsi Umum Furniture

Keuntungan Dari Furniture

Jika kerangka karangan yang telah dibuat telah deal, langkah berikutnya adalah pembuatan rencana daftar isi karangan ilmiah. Kerangka masalah yang hanya satu bab dilengkapi dengan tajuk prakata,daftar isi,daftar table(bila ada),daftar gambar(bila ada), bab pendahuluan. Bab pendahuluan terdiri dari Latar belakang dan Masalah, ruang lingkup, anggapan dasar, hipotesis dan kerangka teori, populasi, dan sample, serta metode dan teknik. Kemudian, pada bagian akhir daftar isi dicantumkan tajuk bab simpulan dan saran, daftar pustaka, dan lampiran(jika ada), berikut contoh Daftar isi.

CONTOH DAFTAR ISI

PEMBUATAN DAN PENGGUNAAN FURNITURE

PRAKATA

DAFTAR ISI

DAFTAR TABEL

DAFTAR GAMBAR

BAB I PENDAHULUAN

Latar belakang dan Masalah

Ruang lingkup

Angapan Dasar, Hipotesis, dan Kerangka Teori

Populasi dan Sampel

Metode dan Teknik

BAB II PEMBUATAN DAN PENGGUNAAN FURNITURE

2.1 Pengenalan Furniture

2.1.1 Jenis-Jenis Furniture

2.2 Pembuatan Furniture

2.2.1 Bahan Baku

2.2.2 Proses Pembuatan

2.2.3 Teknik Pembuatan

2.3 Funsi Umum Dari Furniture

2.3.1 Keuntungan Dari Furniture

BAB III SIMPULAN DAN SARAN

Simpulan

Saran

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

LAMPIRAN

Kalau bahasan masalah kalian lebih luas maka bagi kembali masalah tersebut menjadi dua atau tiga bab, berdasar garis besar pemikiran itulah kalian berkerja. Kalian hanya mengembangkan(tekdung) ide pokok tersebut. Anda harus mencari dahulu kepustakaan yang berkaitan dengan ide pokok tersebut.

Pengumpulan data

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Pengumpulan data

Jika judul karangan dan kerangka karangannya sudah di setujui oleh pembimbing atau oleh pimpinan lembaga pendidikan tinggi yang bersangkutan, penyusun sudah dapat mulai mengumpulkan data.

Langkah pertama yang harus ditempuh dalam pengumpulan data adalah mencari informasi dari kepustakaan (buku,Koran,majalah,brosur) mangenai hal-hal yang ada relevansinya dengan judul karangan. Data dapat di kumpulkan melalui wawancara,experiment ataupun pengamatan.

Pengorganisasian/Pengonsepan

Jika data sudah tekumpul, penyusun menyeleksi dan mengorganisasi data tersebut. Penyusun menyeleksi dan mengonsepkan data tersebut. Penyusunan digolongkan menurut Jenis, Bentuk, dan sifat. Penyusun menorganisasi data mana yang akan di bicarakan kemudian. Misalnya data bersifat kuantitatif, data diolah dan di analisia dengan teknik stastitik.

Pemeriksaan/penyuntingan

Secara ringkas , pemeriksaan konsep mencakupi pemeriksaan isi karangan dan cara penyajian karangan termasuk penyutingan. Ada penyajian yang berulang-ulang atau tumpang tindih, pemakaian bahasa yang kurang efektif, baik dari segi penulisan dan pemilihan kata, penyusunan kalimat, penyusunan paragraph, maupun segi penerapan kaidah ejaan. Yang termasuk tahapan penyajian adalah pengetikan hasil penelitian.

Pengetikan/penyajian

Dalam penyajian mengetik naskah, penyusun hendaklah memperhatikan segi kerapian dan kebersihan. Penyusun memperhatikan tata letak unsur-unsur dalam karangan ilmiah. Misalnya Latar belakang dan,Masalah,daftar gambar,prakata,daftar isi.

KONVENSI NASKAH KARANGAN ILMIAH

Konvensi penulisan karangan Ilmiah itu meenyangkut (1) bentuk karangan ilmiah dan (2) bagian-bagian karangan ilmiah. Bentuk karangan ilmiah menyangkut (a) bahan yang digunakan, (b) perwajahan, dan (c) penomoran halaman. Pembicaraan bagian-bagian karangan ilmiah mencakupi (a) judul karangan ilmiah, (b) judul bab-bab dalam karangan ilmiah, (c) judul anak bab, (d) judul tabel,grafik, bagan, gambar, (e) daftar pustaka, dan (f) lampiran.

BAHAN DAN JUMLAH HALAMAN

Kertas yang biasa digunakan adalah kertas HVS yang berukuran kuarto (21,5 x 28cm2), sedangkan untuk kulitnya digunakan kertas yang agak tebal. Kemudian, huruf-hurufnya

tegak dan masih jelas, tidak meloncat-loncat.

PERWAJAHAN

Yang dimaksudkan ialah tata letak unsure-unsur karangan ilmiah serta aturan penilusan unsure-unsur tersebut, yang dikaitkan dengan segi keindahan dan estetika naskah.

KERTAS POLA UKURAN

Agar halaman terlihat Nampak rapi maka sebaiknya gunakan kertas pola ukuran.

Pola ukuran garis yang digunakan itu dengan ukuran sebagai berikut.

Pias atas 4 cm.

Pias bawah 3 cm.

Pias kanan 2,5 cm, dan

Pias kiri 4 cm.

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2008-11-07T17:42:00.000-08:00

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